How RBI's Risk Weight Adjustment Affects Banks, NBFCs, and Fintechs

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Nadeesh Kareemdathil, Apoorva Bajj

Nov 30, 2023 — 7 min read

How RBI's Risk Weight Adjustment Affects Banks, NBFCs, and Fintechs

In an effort to control the unchecked expansion of unsecured consumer lending, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently issued a notification. The directive increases the risk weight for consumer credit exposure of banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs), potentially impacting fintech players. Industry experts suggest that these lending institutions will now need to allocate more capital to be set aside against the unsecured loans they disburse.

The RBI's measure involves a 25-percentage-point increase in the risk weightage for both existing and new unsecured consumer credit exposure of commercial banks and NBFCs, elevating it from 100% to 125%. While the industry players appreciate the move for its risk mitigation aspects, concerns have been raised about the potential decline in loan growth. In essence, this adjustment is expected to drive up the lending costs for unsecured consumer loans.

The RBI has expressed concerns about the escalating trend in unsecured consumer loans, specifically personal and credit card loans. With the latest circular instructing banks and NBFCs to heighten risk weights on such loans and restrict exposure, the RBI aims to curb the rapid growth in this segment.

According to RBI data, personal loans witnessed a 23% growth in August 2023, and credit card outstanding increased by 30%, compared to the figures from August 2022.

The higher risk weights entail that banks and NBFCs must allocate more capital for each loan they extend. In simple terms, this measure safeguards against potential issues if borrowers fail to repay their loans, preventing banks from encountering financial trouble. Lenders are now required to adhere to set limits on exposure to various segments of consumer credit as approved by their boards. Additionally, top-up loans backed by depreciating assets, such as car loans, will now be categorized as unsecured loans.

“RBI’s recent move to strengthen regulations on consumer lending, particularly in personal loans, is a positive step towards risk reduction. In response, our partners have already implemented more stringent underwriting criteria over the last 30 days to ensure loan quality. It's anticipated that this RBI initiative will contribute to a decline in loan growth, aligning to curb excesses in the NBFC space,” commented Manish Shara, Co-founder & CEO of Zet.

Following global standards, a 100% risk weightage implies that INR 92 out of every INR 100 loan originates from depositors’ money, while INR 8 comes from shareholders’ investment. With the recent 25-percentage-point increase, banks and NBFCs will now need to source INR 10 from shareholders’ investments. This adjustment is expected to impact companies like Paytm, CRED, Navi Finserv, OnEMi Technologies (which operates Kissht and RING), along with several consumer-focused fintechs such as Freo, Fibe, Kreditbee, Paytm, and CRED, considering their substantial share in the number of loans disbursed.

Offering insight into the central bank’s move, Rishabh Goel, Co-founder and CEO of Credgenics, stated, The current rise in risk weight assessment is likely to result in a marginal increase in loan pricing by banks. This serves as a signal urging lenders to exercise caution, especially in the small-ticket loans segment.

Priyanka Chopra, COO, and managing partner for seed investing at IIMA-CIIE, predicted that this move would lead to a moderation of unsecured credit for digital lending startups. However, she noted that established players with a robust capital base and calibrated underwriting are expected to experience minimal impact.

The RBI’s decision was driven by the necessity to control the growth in unsecured loans. Last month, RBI governor Shaktikanta Das emphasized the high growth in certain components of consumer credit, advising banks and NBFCs to enhance internal surveillance mechanisms, address risk build-up, and institute suitable safeguards. The notification also introduced changes to the risk weight of credit card receivables of scheduled commercial banks and bank credit to NBFCs to address potential risk build-up. Furthermore, the RBI stated that all top-up loans against movable assets with inherent depreciation, such as vehicles, must be treated as unsecured loans for credit appraisal, prudential limits, and exposure purposes.

Jaya Vaidhyanathan, CEO of BCT Digital, expressed her support for the RBI's decision, affirming, "The move to increase risk weights for personal loans is a constructive step, aligning with the central bank's concerns regarding aggressive lending in the unsecured consumer loans sector. While the overall financial impact of defaults in this category may not be considerable, the sheer volume of individuals drawn to effortless credit for non-essential purposes like electronic gadgets is substantial. This initiative will deter lenders who may have previously adopted lax practices in loan assessment, reminiscent of historical incidents in 2008 involving credit card and personal loan mismanagement."

The latest sectoral credit growth data from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reveals that Indian banks are aggressively expanding their personal loan portfolio, with credit to the segment growing by 30.8%, compared to 19.4% on a year-on-year basis. Fintech firms have sanctioned almost ₹30,000 crore for consumption loans—personal loans, consumer durable loans, vehicle loans between 2015 and 2022—compared to less than ₹5,000 crore disbursed for business loans during the same period, as reported by the RBI-backed Centre for Advanced Financial Research and Learning (CAFRAL).

There Is Currently No Imminent Effect on Interest Rates
Is the Era of Easily Accessible Credit Coming to an End?
Impact on Credit Cards

There Is Currently No Imminent Effect on Interest Rates

There is no immediate anticipation of an impact on interest rates, according to Shibani Kurian, Senior Executive Vice-President & Head of Equity Research at Kotak Mutual Fund. While the augmented risk weights are likely to influence growth in specific segments, large banks and NBFCs are currently well-capitalized, surpassing regulatory requirements. Therefore, raising capital immediately may not be necessary due to the increased risk weights. Banks are expected to assess the impact and decide whether any cost increases need to be passed on to customers. Corporate trainer (Financial Markets) Joydeep Sen concurs, emphasizing that while there might not be an immediate effect on banks' costs, they are likely to adopt a more cautious approach in the long run.

Naresh Malhotra, a former SBI executive and current Director at JCRC LLP, an accounting firm, emphasizes that NBFCs are more likely to bear the brunt of the impact, facing increased funding costs. As NBFCs borrow from banks to lend to customers, the rise in risk weights will elevate their borrowing costs from banks or through bond issuance. The final impact will be contingent on the resource mix and the proportion of unsecured consumer loans in an NBFC's overall portfolio. Regarding commercial banks, Malhotra notes that although their unsecured loan portfolio has grown at a rate exceeding the general credit growth rate, their exposure to this segment is more effectively hedged than that of NBFCs. However, he acknowledges that higher capital outlay will also affect commercial banks.

The RBI's decision to elevate risk weights on unsecured consumer credit, including personal loans, from 100 percent to 125 percent for both banks and NBFCs, has implications for the lending landscape. Additionally, the risk weights for credit card receivables have been revised from 125 percent to 150 percent for banks and from 100 percent to 125 percent for NBFCs.

Is the Era of Easily Accessible Credit Coming to an End?

The era of easily accessible credit might be coming to an end from the borrower's standpoint. Ritesh Srivastava, Founder and CEO of FREED, a debt relief platform, notes a noticeable shift among lenders, who have become more cautious and stringent in approving new loan applications. The approval rates for new loans currently hover around 4 to 5 percent, a significant drop from the peak of the cycle when they ranged from 8 to 12 percent.

Malhotra emphasizes that the RBI is concerned about the rapid expansion of unsecured credit, prompting the central bank to raise the cost of lending for both banks and NBFCs. The intention is clear—to decelerate the pace of this growth. Kurian echoes this sentiment, pointing out that the heightened capital requirements will gradually ease the competitive fervor in the consumer credit sector, where banks, NBFCs, and fintechs in collaboration with regulated entities have been striving to attract more customers.

Sen provides an additional perspective, stating that in unsecured loans, banks can compensate for delinquencies due to the higher interest rates. However, the consequence of elevated rates is that those diligently repaying their credit card dues end up covering for those who do not—a concept known as "good money for bad money." This underscores the need for more thorough due diligence, and the increased risk weights will contribute to achieving this.

This shift could be advantageous for individuals with a steady income and strong credit scores. On the flip side, those with irregular incomes and lower credit scores may encounter greater difficulty in securing loans. Adhil Shetty, CEO of BankBazaar.com, explains that for ideal borrowers—those with stable income, a credit score above 750, and a history of timely payments—there should be no impact on existing or new credit lines. Lenders are likely to favor such borrowers, while individuals outside these criteria may find it more challenging to secure loans, a trend that has historically held true.

Impact on Credit Cards

Industry experts we consulted do not foresee any immediate consequences, such as a reduction in credit card limits or higher interest rates, affecting credit cards.

Malhotra emphasizes that the larger source of risk lies in outstanding credit card balances that remain unpaid even after the due date, warranting more attention. Kurian provides additional insight into this matter. Despite the rapid growth in credit card spending, she notes that there has been no deterioration in delinquency. "Revolve rates" (indicating the amount of outstanding credit card balance that remains unpaid) are currently lower than pre-Covid levels. Consequently, banks face no immediate asset quality concerns, making an immediate reduction in credit card limits unlikely. However, in the future, financial institutions may shift their focus to customers with better credit profiles, potentially slowing down the previously rapid growth. Srivastava suggests that existing credit card customers who only make minimum payments may encounter tighter credit limits and possibly a downward revision in limits upon renewals.

On a positive note, Naveen Kukreja, Co-Founder and CEO of Paisabazaar, believes that for lenders with sufficient capital and effective risk management, credit cards and unsecured loans will remain highly profitable segments and continue to be focal points.

Fintech firms anticipate that the effects of the Reserve Bank of India's directive will become evident within six to twelve months, compelling them to broaden and fortify their secured portfolio. Fintech companies that acquire funds from banks or non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) are swiftly working on expanding their secured portfolio to constitute a minimum of 40 percent of their overall portfolio.